Is Non-Adherence Associated with Adverse Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients? The Role of Non-Adherence as a Risk and Predictor Factor for Graft Loss and Death.

Introduction:  Non-adherence in kidney transplants is diversely defined. Immunosuppression non-adherence (INA) is the most used definition and has been associated with graft loss and acute rejection. But INA assesses only one fraction of adherence. Therefore, we analyzed the association of a holistic non-adherence definition with transplant outcomes and compared its prediction performance with other definitions. Methods:  We retrospectively included 739 kidney recipients between 2019 and 2021. We evaluated holistic non-adherence (HNA), suboptimal-immunosuppressor levels (SIL), appointment non-adherence (ANA), procedure non-adherence (PNA) and INA. The main outcomes were graft loss, graft rejection, and mortality. A backward logistic regression was performed estimating adjusted and un-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for each outcome. Finally, we compared the non-adherence definitions' prediction for the main outcomes using the area under the curve. Results: HNA was present in 28.7% of patients. Non-adherent patients had an adjusted OR of 2.66 (1.37-5.15) for mortality, 6.44 for graft loss (2.71-16.6), and 2.28 (1.15-4.47) for graft rejection. INA and PNA presented a moderate discrimination for graft loss and HNA and ANA mild-to-moderate discrimination for graft loss and death. Conclusion: Holistic non-adherence was associated with worst outcomes in kidney recipients and had a significant prediction performance for graft loss and mortality.

Prevalence and Modifiable Factors for Holistic Non-Adherence in Renal Transplant Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: In renal transplant recipients, compliance with medical therapy is vital. Non-adherence is considered a risk factor for worst outcomes in kidney recipients, with attributed outcomes of 64% for graft loss and 80% for late acute rejection. Most literature defines adherence as self-based immunosuppression compliance but does not consider other relevant factors such as consult and procedure compliance. Therefore, this study aims to describe adherence prevalence in kidney transplant recipients and the factors related to non-adherence. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1030 renal transplant patients followed by Colombiana de Trasplantes between January 2019 and July 2021. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were obtained based on clinical records. The mental-health group diagnosed holistic adherence in a semi-structured interview. The diagnosis considered medication intake failure, frequency and number of failures to medical controls or other procedures, suspicious non-adherence behaviors, and serum levels of immunosuppressants. A bivariate followed a descriptive analysis, and a forward logistic regression was performed for non-adherence. Results: Patients had a median of 47 years, and 58.1% were male. Non-adherence was presented in 30.7% of patients. The non-adherence patients were younger, with a higher prevalence of males, single, divided transplant care, had a longer time after transplantation, psychopathological diagnosis, and more reinforcement education by only nursing. Older age and multidisciplinary reinforcement education were protective factors. On the other hand, poor social support, psychopathology diagnosis, and longer time after transplant presented as non-adherence risk factors. Conclusion: Holistic non-adherence was diagnosed in approximately one-third of renal transplant recipients. Its definition included more than just medication non-compliance and could identify more non-adherent patients. Notably, there is a need to consider the related factors in the health follow-up and encourage future research in modifiable factor interventions aiming to increase adherence and achieve better outcomes for renal transplant patients.

La evaluación psicosocial de un donante vivo de riñón / Psycho-Social Evaluation of a Living Kidney Donor

resumen La decisión de convertirse en donante vivo de riñón suele ser conflictiva. Generalmente se cree que el candidato conoce sus motivos, que es consciente de ellos, que ha pensado largamente su decisión y hasta ha consultado sobre ella. Sorprende corroborar que -en muchos casos- solo tiene una conciencia vaga, más bien oscura, de sus razones y de la validez de ellas. Otras veces ha tomado una decisión impulsiva, guiado por sus afectos, y se ha confiado a su suerte y/o a su fe. Y, otras más, viene indeciso, presionado por diversas circunstancias. La evaluación de salud mental debe ayudarle a poner sus motivos en claro, es decir, a hacerlos conscientes, a verbalizarlos. Debe permitirle analizarlos y afirmarse en su decisión o arrepentirse de ella. Es decir, debe ser una experiencia positiva, que enriquezca la decisión, la madure o la descarte. Y debe dejar al candidato la sensación interior de haber recibido ayuda para tomar la mejor decisión posible en su caso. La evaluación psicosocial debería ser la primera de varias valoraciones a las que debe someterse un candidato, porque una decisión bien tomada es requisito para realizar un proceso adecuado. El autor revisa las condiciones en que debe desarrollarse la entrevista, los requisitos que debe cumplir la decisión y las técnicas apropiadas para obtener la información indispensable.

abstract The decision to become a living kidney donor is full of conflicts. It is generally believed that the candidates are aware of their reasons, that they have thought long about it, and have even asked questions about it. Thus it is surprising that, in many cases, they are only vaguely aware of their reasons and their validity. Sometimes, it is an impulsive decision guided by their emotions and entrusted to their luck or faith. Sometimes, they are undecided and put under pressure due to various circumstances. The mental health assessment should help to clarify their reasons, and to put them into words. It should be a positive experience, enriching their decision. It should give the candidate the inner feeling of having received help for taking the best decision. The psychosocial evaluation should be the first of multiple assessment ratings that the living kidney donor must face. A well-taken decision is a requirement to start the process properly. The author reviews the conditions in which that interview should be developed, the requirements to be met by the decision, and the proper techniques to obtain accurate information.

Psycho-Social Evaluation of a Living Kidney Donor. / La evaluación psicosocial de un donante vivo de riñón.

The decision to become a living kidney donor is full of conflicts. It is generally believed that the candidates are aware of their reasons, that they have thought long about it, and have even asked questions about it. Thus it is surprising that, in many cases, they are only vaguely aware of their reasons and their validity. Sometimes, it is an impulsive decision guided by their emotions and entrusted to their luck or faith. Sometimes, they are undecided and put under pressure due to various circumstances. The mental health assessment should help to clarify their reasons, and to put them into words. It should be a positive experience, enriching their decision. It should give the candidate the inner feeling of having received help for taking the best decision. The psychosocial evaluation should be the first of multiple assessment ratings that the living kidney donor must face. A well-taken decision is a requirement to start the process properly. The author reviews the conditions in which that interview should be developed, the requirements to be met by the decision, and the proper techniques to obtain accurate information.

Impacto emocional del embarazo de alto riesgo / Emotional Impact of a High-Risk Pregnancy

En este artículo se revisa la evolución psicológica del embarazo normal, se examinan las cuatro etapas del proceso de duelo disparado por la noticia de un embarazo de alto riesgo o por el nacimiento de un niño con dificultades, se detalla el mecanismo psicológico principal utilizado por los padres en cada una de las etapas y se formulan recomendaciones para el manejo de las actitudes de los padres en esta situación.

In this article the author reviews the psychological evolution of a normal pregnancy. The four stages of the process of bereavement unleashed by the news of a high-risk pregnancy or by the birth of a child with difficulties are examined. The main psychological mechanism used by the parents in each one of these stages is described in detail. Finally, the author formulates recommendations for the management of the attitudes of parents in this situation.